The red soils, their origin, properties, use and management in Greece

Red soils in Greece are distributed thoughout the country, but they occur more frequently in the southern provinces and constitute important soil resources supporting several land utilization types. They can be grouped into two categories: the autochthonous and the allochthonous. The former soils are found on hard limestone and on basic igneous rocks in sloping mountainous or hilly landscapes. Moreover, they can be found on mica schists and gneisses in locations adjacent to marble or calcareous mica schists. thonous red soils are wide-spread on late Tertiary and Pleistocene surfaces in the lowlands. Many of these deep deposits have red strata, a few decimeters to several meters thick, or red-colored and fine-textured layers interbedded with light colored deposits of marl, or conglomernates and also with thick strata enriched with calcareous concretions. They are distributed in the thermo- and meso-mediterranean bioclimatic zones. These sites have a common feature, the gently sloping terrain that ensures efficient drainage. are some differences in chemical and physical properties and in the clay mineralogy of the two groups of Greek red soils. Palygorskite is present in some soils developed on basic rocks: the clay minerals of the allochthonous soils on Pleistocene and late Pliocene seems to be mixed with micas in significant amounts. orming factors required for the formation of red soils are: (a) parent material containing iron-bearing minerals, and rich in bases, (b) slope gradients and/or water permeabilities of the bed-rock securring excessive drainage and (c) vegetation cover that does not produce high amounts of, and deeply distributed organic matter. lochthonous red soils have likely inherited their color from their parent materials that were transported from the originally formed residual soils on hard limestone. The soils retain the red color in the thermo-mediterranean zone only on sloping terrains. The soils on these landscapes are frequently stratified. eek red soils belong to the great groups of: Rhodoxeralfs, Palexeralfs. Xerochrepts, Orthents. Large portions of the allochthnous soils have been desertified or have been severely degraded and their extensive exploitation is not recommended. anagement practices applied in the allochthnous soils include erosion control, preservation of organic matter, minimum tillage, split application of nitrogen using non-acidifying fertilizers, irrigation, soil water conservation and sheltered agriculture.