Periglacial cover-beds on the Swiss Plateau: indicators of soil, climate and landscape evolution during the Late Quaternary

Soils and the stratification of their parent materials were studied on the central Swiss Plateau. This area is characterized by glacial deposits varying from Late Glacial to pre-Würmian in age. Soils of all studied sites are developed within colluvial layers, the so-called cover-beds. In relation to the underlying deposits, we find a regular spatial distribution of cover-bed types. A surficial layer (Upper Layer) with relatively constant thickness (around 50 cm independent of relief position) covers Pleistocene sediments of any age. Therefore, it was formed mainly by cryoturbation/solifluction after the final glacier retreat from the Swiss Plateau (Younger Dryas or Oldest Dryas age). Layers that originate mainly from aeolian processes (Intermediate Layers) are restricted to areas outside the recessional moraines of the Berne-Stade (BS). Hence, they were formed merely up to the late Pleniglacial. They frequently consist of two distinct layers. Outside the glaciation of the Last Glacial Maximum (LGM), cover-beds in places overlie pre-LGM palaeosol relics (probably of Eemian age or even older). These are preserved even on higher relief positions, indicating that periglacial erosion during the Pleniglacial was only marginal. The palaeosol relics also occur on till of the so-called Older Wangen-Stade, which is commonly believed to represent the LGM, whereas we consider it to be older at least partly. Eventually, the distribution of soil types and their ecological characteristics are influenced considerably by cover-beds. As these beds reflect distinct phases of the Pleistocene, colluvial sediments provide a major tool for linking modern landscape characteristics to the Late Quaternary climate evolution.