A 220 ka terrestrial δ18O and deuterium excess biomarker record from an eolian permafrost paleosol sequence, NE-Siberia

The natural abundances of stable oxygen (18O/16O) and hydrogen isotopes (2H/1H) are valuable proxies of climate changes in the past. Yet, to date no continuous δ18O and only few δ2H records are available from loess–paleosol sequences. Taking advantage of a recently developed method based on compound-specific δ18O analyses of hemicellulose sugar biomarkers in soils (Zech and Glaser, 2009. RCM 23, 3522-3532), we here present a first terrestrial δ18O biomarker record from an eolian permafrost paleosol sequence in NE-Siberia that covers the last ~ 220 ka. 8O values of the hemicellulose biomarkers arabinose and xylose range from 22.5 to 32.8‰ and from 21.3 to 31.9‰, respectively, and reveal systematic glacial–interglacial shifts. The modern topsoil and the interglacial paleosols exhibit more positive δ18O values, whereas the glacial paleosols are characterized by more negative δ18O values. This is in agreement with the δ2H record obtained for sedimentary n-alkane leaf wax biomarkers. We present a conceptual model for interpreting the combined δ18O and δ2H biomarker record. Based on this model, we suggest that both our δ18O and the δ2H records primarily reflect the temperature-controlled isotopic composition of paleoprecipitation modified by evaporative isotope enrichment of leaf water during transpiration. ering fractionation factors during sugar and n-alkane biomarker biosynthesis allows reconstructing the leaf water isotopic composition and the deuterium excess of the leaf water. The deuterium excess may serve as proxy for evaporative enrichment and allows calculating relative humidity using a Craig–Gordon model. Accordingly, relative humidity in NE-Siberia was higher during marine isotope stage (MIS) 6 compared to MIS 2, 4 and 5d and thus could help explaining the much larger extent of the Late Saalian glaciation compared to the Weichselian glaciations. the Craig–Gordon model, we also calculated δ18O of the plant source water (δ18Osource water), which can be assumed to primarily reflect δ18O of paleoprecipitation. Our 220 ka δ18Osource water record is well in agreement with the δ18Odiatom record from Crater Lake Elʹgygytgyn in NE-Siberia and enables a regional paleoclimate reconstruction and interpretation. Accordingly, summer temperature was periodically warmer than at present during the Weichselian glacial period and there is a strong July insolation forcing of the summer temperature in the extremely continental study area. Overall, our study highlights the great potential of the novel hemicellulose biomarker δ18O method for paleoclimate reconstructions, especially when combined with δ2H analyses of n-alkane lipid biomarkers.