Influences of production and R&D agglomeration on productivity: Evidence from Chinese electronics firms

As China adopts a government-supported agglomeration model to develop high-tech industries, it is crucial to examine whether the spatial concentration of manufacturing and R&D activities enhance firm-level productivity. Based on a panel dataset of Chinese electronics firms from 2005 to 2007, the calculated Ellison–Glaeser (EG) index indicates that both production and R&D activities are highly spatially concentrated. Crucially, we find that production agglomeration has a positive relationship with firmsʹ productivity, especially for smaller firms. In contrast, R&D agglomeration seems to negatively relate with productivity. It implies that the possible congestion effect and/or free rider problems erode the benefit derived from knowledge spillovers.