A Predictive Relationship between Forces, Surface Finish and Tool-life

After 50 years of metal cutting research the author discovered a unique and reliable relationship between specific energy and tool-life and surface finish, based on a novel shear angle relationship as a function of tool-life. Quantitative values on tool-life, cutting forces and finish are provided by a system of equations for turning, milling, drilling and grinding, covering a large range of tool geometries, feeds and cutting speeds. This discovery, proven by hundreds of sets of experimental data, will assist researchers planning and interpreting experiments as well as facilitate for industry to obtain reliable machining data.