Porosity of growing sea ice and potential for oil entrainment

The pore space in the bottom-most layers of growing sea ice is directly connected to the ocean beneath, allowing for fluid exchange while providing a sheltered environment for sea-ice microbial communities. Because of its role as a habitat and its high porosity and permeability, potential entrainment of oil into this pore space is of broader concern. We estimate the ice volume that can potentially be infiltrated by oil and other buoyant pollutants in surface ocean water evaluating several years of sea ice measurements on undeformed landfast first-year sea ice at Barrow, Alaska. This ice is representative of undeformed sea ice in areas targeted for offshore oil development. The calculated ice volume is related to crude oil entrainment volumes with empirical relationships derived from field and laboratory measurements. We synthesize 12 years of sea-ice core salinity data and 6 years of quasi-continuous sea ice temperature profile measurements to derive the seasonal evolution of ice thickness and temperature gradients in sea ice. Porosity profiles are calculated from temperature and salinity profiles. Based on previous observations, an oil penetration depth is defined by a porosity threshold of 0.1 to 0.15. Ice thickness is found to increase from 0.6 m in January to its maximum of 1.5 m in May, and average temperature gradients at the ice–water interface range from − 15 °C/m in January to − 2 °C/m in May. Depending on ice temperature conditions, derived depths of fluid penetration range from 0.02 to 0.10 m in January to 0.12 to 0.25 m in May for a porosity threshold of 0.10. These penetration depths are approximately halved for a porosity threshold of 0.15. For average temperature conditions, expected entrainment of crude oil is less than 2 L/m2 in January and may be as high as 5 to 10 L/m2 in May. Accessible ice volume and entrainment potential are expected to increase during warm spells and with the opening of brine channel networks in late spring. Considering inhomogeneous spread and pooling of oil under ice, entrainment in warm sea ice is expected to add approximately 20% to previous estimates of the under-ice pooling capacity.