Numerical modeling of reverse fault rupture propagation through clayey embankments

This paper presents results of a thorough study on the phenomenon of rupture propagation of reverse faults from the bedrock foundation through homogeneous clayey embankments, mainly at the end of construction, with complementary analyses for the steady state seepage through the embankment. The study is performed by means of numerical analyses with a nonlinear Finite Element Method, verified beforehand through simulating fault propagations in an existing horizontal soil layer experiment. Multiple cases considering three slopes & three clayey soils for the embankment and five fault dip angles, activated in several locations of base of the embankment, are analyzed. The results show that ruptures in the embankment follow optimal paths to reach the surface and their near-surface directions are predictable with respect to corresponding theories of classical soil mechanics. Various types of rupture in the embankment are produced; on the basis of the rupture types, the embankment base is divided into three distinguishable zones, which can be used for interpretation of fault ruptures behavior. The effects of materials and slope of the embankment, fault dip angle, and fault’s point of application in the bedrock-soil interface on the rupture paths are studied in depth.