Interpretation of the piezometric fluctuations and precursors associated with the November 29, 2007, magnitude 7.4 earthquake in Martinique (Lesser Antilles)

On November 29, 2007, a 7.4 earthquake occurred near the volcanic island of Martinique (French West Indies). It was widely felt in the Caribbean. Piezometric level changes correlated with the earthquake were recorded by 12 of the 24 piezometers in the groundwater monitoring network. A methodology has been developed for the interpretation of long-duration piezometric anomalies. It enables us to demonstrate that the hydraulic conductivity increased at the scale of the whole aquifer, by an order of magnitude of 5 to 10%, as a consequence of the earthquake. With this methodology, it is possible to compute either the aquifer hydraulic conductivity increase during the earthquake or its hydrodynamic parameters: diffusivity and relative location of the piezometer along a flow line. It shows, for instance, that the amplitude of the piezometric change due to the earthquake is not directly related to its intensity, but rather to the structure and hydrodynamic properties of the aquifer and also to the location of the piezometer. It also proves that a piezometric increase due to an earthquake cannot be straightforwardly related to a decrease in the hydraulic conductivity of the aquifer. Consequently, in such an active geodynamical context, tectonic processes appear to be among the factors responsible of the magnitude of the hydraulic conductivity of shallow aquifers. Piezometric precursors of the earthquake were definitely observed, but the operational use of such signals is, as yet, far from obvious.