Taphonomy of insects in carbonates and amber

The major taphonomic processes that control insect preservation in carbonate rocks (limestones, travertines and nodules) are biological: insect size and wingspan, degree of decomposition, presence of microbial mats, predation and scavenging; environmental: water surface tension, water temperature, density and salinity, current activity; and diagenetic: authigenic mineralisation, flattening, deformation, carbonisation. The major taphonomic processes that control the preservation of insects in fossil resins (amber and copal) are different, but can be considered under the same headings – biological: presence of resin producers, size and behaviour of insects; environmental: latitude, climate, seasonality, resin viscosity, effects of storms and fires, soil composition; and diagenetic: resin composition, insect dehydration, pressure, carbonisation, thermal maturation, reworking, oxidation. These taphonomic processes are geographically and temporally restricted, and generate biases in the fossil record. Nevertheless, where insects occur they may be abundant and very diverse. Taphonomic processes may impact on phylogenetic and palaeobiogeographic studies, in determining the timing of the origin and extinction of insect groups, and in identifying radiations and major extinctions. Taphonomic studies are an essential prerequisite to the reconstruction of fossil insect assemblages, to interpreting the sedimentary and environmental conditions where insects lived and died, and to the investigation of interactions between insects and other organisms.