Holocene environmental changes as recorded by mineral magnetism of sediments from Anguli-nuur Lake, southeastern Inner Mongolia Plateau, China

Two cores, one 1141-cm long (An-S) and the other 885-cm long (An-A), were retrieved from Anguli-nuur Lake (41°18′–24′N, 114°20′–27′E, ∼ 1315 masl), one of the largest lakes in the transition zone between a semi-humid and semi-arid climate parallel to the present limit of the southeast monsoon along the southeastern Inner Mongolia Plateau in north China. Mineral-magnetic parameters (χlf, ARM, IRM300mT, SIRM and IRM− 300mT) were measured on An-S and two additional parameters (χARM and HIRM) and four inter-parametric ratios (χARM/SIRM, IRM300mT/SIRM, IRM− 300mT/SIRM and SIRM/χlf) were calculated. Potential sources of these lake sediments (catchment soils and dune materials close to the lake and in a distant sand plain) were sampled, and the magnetic properties of the surface-material specimens were measured. A chronological model was developed for An-S by comparing and combining AMS14C dates of An-S with 137Cs, 210Pb and AMS14C dates of An-A. With the help of surface-material magnetism, the magnetic data of An-S in combination with particle size, TOC and C/N and pollen analyses indicate the environmental changes during the last ∼ 10,000 years around this lake. Conditions began to ameliorate at 10,900 cal. yr BP (9600 14C yr BP) and thus relatively wet and warm environments prevailed during 10,900–8900 cal. yr BP (9600–8000 14C yr BP). The Holocene optimum or the wettest and warmest conditions, was during 8900–7400 cal. yr BP (8000–6500 14C yr BP). The environment began to deteriorate from 7400 cal. yr BP (6500 14C yr BP) and the driest and coolest conditions occurred during 2200–480 cal. yr BP. There may have been a minor amelioration after 480 cal. yr BP. The inferred changes in palaeoenvironmental conditions around Anguli-nuur Lake are broadly in agreement with those around most other sites on the Inner Mongolia Plateau.