New evidence on deglacial climatic variability from an alpine lacustrine record in northwestern Yunnan Province, southwestern China

New deglacial pollen and conifer stoma records from Tiancai Lake, northwestern Yunnan Province, southwestern China, an alpine lake in the southwest monsoon region, are presented in this study. Based on these records, the lithology of core TCYL1, and PCA analysis of pollen data between ~ 21 and 11.5 ka BP (calibrated 14C years), the deglacial vegetation and climate changes are discussed in detail. The results show that Tiancai Lake was above the upper limit of Picea/Abies forest (a treeline in the study area) between ~ 21 and 11.5 ka BP, and the climate was colder and drier than that of the Holocene. During this period eight significant vegetation changes are recorded that are considered to be responses to changing temperatures and variations in the southwest monsoon in southwestern China. The Heinrich Event 1 (H1), the Bّlling/Allerّd warm period (BA) and the Younger Dryas cold event (YD) are all clearly detected in this record. In addition, this study finds that the initial late glacial warming in northwestern Yunnan Province was at ~ 18.7 ka BP, which is coincident with the climate records in monsoonal Central Asia, the Indian Ocean, the tropical and subtropical Pacific Ocean, and Antarctica, and is a response to solar insolation changes. A noted temperature increase between 15.8 and 14.4 ka BP occurred at the end of the H1 and before the BA, which indicates a strong pre-Bّlling warming. Based on the study, we consider that the hypothesis about a slowdown of the oceanʹs thermohaline circulation is sufficient to explain these late glacial abrupt events.