Sea surface environment inferred from planktonic foraminifera in the southern South China Sea since the last glacial period

Detailed analyses of planktonic foraminifera at Site 17964 from the southern South China Sea (SCS) disclose that warm-water species have a higher percentage during the Holocene, while temperate-water species have a higher content for the last glacial period. Therefore, the sea surface temperature (SST) is a main factor that affects the foraminiferal assemblage at this site. A remarkable faunal variation at Site 17964 is recognized for Pulleniatina obliquiloculata over the last glacial–interglacial periods: higher P. obliquiloculata content during the glacial period and abrupt drop at the beginning of Termination I (16.5–15 kyr B.P.). The characteristic P. obliquiloculata variation can be correlated with other sites in the southern SCS and thus can be adopted as a stratigraphic tool in the region. A detailed analysis of Orbulina universa shell morphometrics at Site 17964 shows the test size from 0.83 to 1.45 mm and the shell porosity up to 36.7%, much larger than those in the Indian and Atlantic Oceans, which indicates a warmer and less saline surface water in the equatorial–tropical western Pacific. The diameter and shell porosity of O. universa increased from the last glacial to the Holocene, corresponding to the increase of SST recorded by the Uk37 alkenone index. A higher correlation coefficient (89%) between the O. universa test size and SST implies that intraspecific O. universa test size be used as an index of the sea surface temperature in the South China Sea.