The nature and origin of Upper Cretaceous basin-margin rudist buildups of the Mesopotamian Basin, southern Iraq, with consideration of possible hydrocarbon stratigraphic entrapment

The Cenomanian Mishrif Formation is the main carbonate Cretaceous reservoir in southern Iraq. The reservoir units of the formation consist of bioclastic and peloidal limestones, derived mainly from rudist banks within the formation. The banks are found to be of two types, either basin margin buildups occupying a narrow belt along the present day Iraq-Iran border, or as patchy buildups on the crestal parts of the giant structures such as at West Qurna, Rumaila and Zubair. These buildups were eroded as they shallowed to reach the wave-base zone. Data from the Dujaila Field in southern Iraq suggest that these buildups may act as stratigraphic traps that produced oil from a relatively structurally lower well, while the higher well was found to be dry. This finding is of significant exploration value and may prove the existence of large hydrocarbon accumulations in the Mishrif (as well as the Shuʹaiba and Mauddud formations) in areas beyond the known structures.