Carbon time series in the Norwegian sea

Depth profiles of carbon parameters were obtained monthly from 1991 to 1994 as the first time series from the weathership station M located in the Norwegian Sea at 66°N 2°E. CO2 was extracted from acidified seawater by a flushing procedure, with nitrogen as the carrier gas. The pure CO2 gas was measured using a manometric technique, and the gas was further used for 13C and 14C measurements. The precision of the dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) was better than ±6‰. Satisfactory agreement was obtained with standard seawater from Scripps Institution of Oceanography. The partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) was measured in the atmosphere and surface water, beginning in October 1991. The most visible seasonal variation in DIC, 13C and pCO2 was due to the plankton bloom in the upper 50–100 m. Typical values for surface water in the winter were: 2.140±0.012 mmol kg-1 for DIC, 1.00±0.04‰ for δ13C and 357±15 μatm for pCO2, and the corresponding values in the summer were as low as 2.04 mmol kg-1, greater than 2.1‰, and as low as 270–300 μatm. The values for deep water are more constant during the year, with DIC values of about 2.17±0.01 mmol kg-1, and δ13C values between 0.97 and 1.14‰. A simple one-dimensional biological model was applied in order to investigate possible short-term variability in DIC caused by the phytoplankton growth and depth variations of the wind-mixed layer. The simulated seasonal pattern was in reasonable agreement with the observed data, but there were significant temporal variations with shorter time interval than the monthly measurements. As a supplement to the measurements at station M, some representative profiles of DIC, δ13C, Δ14C, salinity and temperature from other locations in the Nordic Seas and the North Atlantic Ocean are also presented. The results are also compared with some data obtained (Δ14C) by the TTO expedition in 1981 and the GEOSECS expedition in 1972. The carbon profiles reflect the stable deep water in the Greenland and Norwegian Basins, and the relatively young bottom water just south of Iceland.