Meridional heat transport determined with expandable bathythermographs—Part II: South Atlantic transport

Fourteen temperature sections collected between July 2002 and May 2006 are analyzed to obtain estimates of the meridional heat transport variability of the South Atlantic Ocean. The methodology proposed in Part I is used to calculate the heat transport from temperature data obtained from high-density XBT profiles taken along transects from Cape Town, South Africa to Buenos Aires, Argentina. Salinity is estimated from Argo profiles and CTD casts for each XBT temperature observation using statistical relationships between temperature, latitude, longitude, and salinity computed along constant-depth surfaces. Full-depth temperature/salinity profiles are obtained by extending the profiles to the bottom of the ocean using deep climatological data. The meridional transport is then determined by using the standard geostrophic method, applying NCEP-derived Ekman transports, and requiring that salt flux through the Bering Straits be conserved. The results from the analysis indicate a mean meridional heat transport of 0.54 PW (PW=1015 W) with a standard deviation of 0.11 PW. The geostrophic component of the heat flux has a marked annual cycle following the variability of the Brazil Malvinas Confluence Front, and the geostrophic annual cycle is 180° out of phase with the annual cycle observed in the Ekman fluxes. As a result, the total heat flux shows significant interannual variability with only a small annual cycle. Uncertainties due to different wind products and locations of the sections are independent of the methodology used.