Higher-order Zakharov–Kuznetsov equation for dust-acoustic solitary waves with dust size distribution

Nonlinear propagating dust-acoustic solitary waves (DASWs) in a warm magnetized dusty plasma containing different size and mass negatively charged dust particles, isothermal electrons, high- and low-temperature ions are investigated. For this purpose, a reasonable normalization of the hydrodynamic and Poisson equations is used to derive the Zakharov–Kuznetsov (ZK) equation for the first-order perturbed potential. As the wave amplitude increases, the width and the velocity of the solitons deviate from the prediction of the ZK equation, i.e., the breakdown of the ZK approximation. To describe the soliton of larger amplitude, a linear inhomogeneous Zakharov-Kuznetsov-type (ZK-type) equation for the second-order perturbed potential is derived. Stationary solutions of both equations are obtained using the renormalization method. Numerically, the effect of power law distribution on the higher-order corrections is examined. It is found that the soliton amplitude in case of power law distribution is smaller than that of monosized dust grains. The higher-order corrections play a role to reduce the strength of the nonlinearity for power law distribution case. The relevance of the present investigation to Saturnʹs F-ring and laboratory experiment is discussed.