Shock drift electron acceleration and generation of waves

An analytically derived distribution function of reflected and accelerated electrons at a nearly perpendicular shock is presented. Then this distribution in a simplified form is introduced into a 1.5-D relativistic electromagnetic particle-in-cell (PIC) model and a generation of waves is studied. Numerical modeling shows not only a generation of Langmuir and high-frequency electromagnetic waves as expected, but also an efficient generation of whistler waves. Their role in emission processes of type II solar radio bursts is discussed.