Author/Authors :
Kِmle، نويسنده , , Norbert I. and Hütter، نويسنده , , Erika S. and Macher، نويسنده , , Wolfgang and Kaufmann، نويسنده , , Erika and Kargl، نويسنده , , Günter and Knollenberg، نويسنده , , Jِrg and Grott، نويسنده , , Matthias and Spohn، نويسنده , , Tilman and Wawrzaszek، نويسنده , , Roman and Banaszkiewicz، نويسنده , , Marek and Seweryn، نويسنده , , Karoly and Hagermann، نويسنده , , Axel، نويسنده ,
Abstract :
The thermo-mechanical properties of planetary surface and subsurface layers control to a high extent in which way a body interacts with its environment, in particular how it responds to solar irradiation and how it interacts with a potentially existing atmosphere. Furthermore, if the natural temperature profile over a certain depth can be measured in situ, this gives important information about the heat flux from the interior and thus about the thermal evolution of the body. Therefore, in most of the recent and planned planetary lander missions experiment packages for determining thermo-mechanical properties are part of the payload. Examples are the experiment MUPUS on Rosettaʹs comet lander Philae, the TECP instrument aboard NASAʹs Mars polar lander Phoenix, and the mole-type instrument HP3 currently developed for use on upcoming lunar and Mars missions. In this review we describe several methods applied for measuring thermal conductivity and heat flux and discuss the particular difficulties faced when these properties have to be measured in a low pressure and low temperature environment. We point out the abilities and disadvantages of the different instruments and outline the evaluation procedures necessary to extract reliable thermal conductivity and heat flux data from in situ measurements.
