Evidence for small-scale heterogeneity in Earthʹs inner core from a global study of PKiKP coda waves

Recent seismic observations have provided evidence that the inner core contains strong heterogeneity at a scale-length of tens of kilometers. The corresponding lateral variations in elastic properties could be caused by pockets of partial melt, alignment of iron crystals, or variations in chemistry. However, the relevant seismic observations (precritical PKiKP coda waves) were subtle and were made using historic seismic data. Furthermore, it has been suggested that the seismic data might be explainable by scatterers in the lower mantle or by a complex inner core boundary. To address these issues, we investigate a preexisting global database of precritical PKiKP waveforms at distances of 10°−50°, and a second, newly generated global data base of PKiKP waveforms at distances of 50°−90°. We analyze the data using standard array processing techniques and identify PKiKP coda waves based on travel time, ray parameter, amplitude, and coherence. Although it remains unclear whether the scattered energy is being created within the inner core or along its boundary, we find three lines of evidence which support the idea that it is in fact related to the inner core: at smaller distances the decay rate of PKiKP coda is significantly lower than the decay rates of the corresponding PcP and ScP codas; at larger distances, we find examples of emergent, spindle-shaped PKiKP coda waves that exist without the parent PKiKP phase; and at larger distances, we infer a PKiKP coda decay rate similar to that determined from the data at the smaller distances. It is likely that many more PKiKP coda observations can be made with existing data sets, and hence seismologists possess a new, extraordinarily fine probe for inferring inner core structure.