Discussion of the applicability of the generalized Clausius–Clapeyron equation and the frozen fringe process

Based on the literature and our laboratory experiments, we discuss the applicability of the generalized Clausius–Clapeyron equation (GCCE) for describing the phase change process between ice and water, and specific applicability conditions for the GCCE during soil freezing are proposed. We then put forth two models: a static model and a dynamic model. Both models include the variation tendencies of the pore water pressure, ice stress, effective stress and pore pressure. The static model is an ideal model, whereas the dynamic model is more similar to the real freezing process of soil. In addition, the initial conditions of ice lens are considered and developed in the models by introducing a concept of constraining force. Based on the dynamic model, such phenomena as consolidation, zoning and thickness of frozen fringe could be well explained.