Effects of navigational works on morphological changes in the bar area of the Yangtze Estuary

To improve navigability of the major access channel into Shanghai Harbor, a large-scale Deep Waterway Project was carried out in the North Passage (NP) of the Yangtze Estuary. In this paper, we investigate how the navigational works affected morphological changes of this channel, as well as those of the adjacent North Channel (NC), Hengsha East Shoal (HES), Jiuduansha Shoal (JDS), and the South Passage (SP). Morphological changes were assessed by analyzing digitized bathymetric data of this area prior to and after execution of the engineering works. The qualitative relations between these changes, along with the hydrodynamic changes as a result of the construction of engineering works, were subsequently investigated. sults reveal that the construction of training walls, groins and jetties resulted in decreased ebb transport in the upper reach of the NP and increased ebb transport in the upper reach of the SP. In turn, this led to intensive upstream erosion with large amounts of sediment transported seaward in the SP and associated sedimentation in the downstream area. At the same time, intense siltation occurred in the upper reach of the NP, while the main channel of the NP mainly experienced erosion caused by the construction of training walls and groins that concentrated ebb flow in the main channel. The waterway deepened significantly in previously shallow areas. Small tidal channels in the HES, which used to connect the NP and the NC, were cut off by the northern training wall. Consequently, residual flow in the middle reach of the NC flowed directly toward the northern bank of the HES, leading to local erosion. Flow obstruction by the southern training wall reduced the upstream propagation of the flood tide in the SP. As a result, a collection of small flood channels evolved under the flushing action of flood currents in the JDS, preventing the natural trend of horizontal extension of the JDS. However, the flow obstruction enhanced the vertical accretion of the JDS.