Biogeomorphic interactions in the Turtmann glacier forefield, Switzerland

Glacier forefields are dynamic environments dominated by active paraglacial processes and simultaneous vegetation succession, triggered by glacier retreat since the Little Ice Age. While these dynamics are accelerating in the last decades owing to climate change, interactions between vegetation and geomorphic processes and components and the resulting patterns are only partly understood. Using a biomorphic approach based on preexisting geomorphic and glaciological data, geomorphic activity was classified and mapped in the Turtmann glacier forefield, Switzerland. Vegetation and environmental parameters were sampled. Vegetation analysis was subsequently carried out with vegetation classification and ordination for identifying relationships to environmental parameters. A paraglacial impact on vegetation succession could be shown and differentiated according to geomorphic activity on constant terrain age. Biogeomorphic concepts were then applied to explain these patterns. Three biogeomorphic succession phases were identified and related to degrees of activity, species composition, and strength of interactions. Integrating our results into the paraglacial concept, we show how the paraglacial adjustment of a glacier forefield is significantly affected by biogeomorphic interactions.