Radiation damage of graphite: degradation of material parameters and defect structures

On the basis of our previous work, we have discussed the relation between damage structure and the degradation of the material parameters of neutron-irradiated graphites. fects produced in a basal plane and/or in between the basal planes (in-plane or two-dimensional defects), which are appreciable in the early stage of irradiation, seem to play a critically important role both in the reduction in the thermal conductivity and increase in the hydrogen retention. They also cause a dimensional change through increase in lattice spacing between the basal planes of graphite. Although the in-plane defects are rather easily annealed out, there seems to be no way to avoid their production under neutron irradiation, particularly at low temperatures. After heavy irradiation, the defects grow into three-dimensional clusters, probably accompanying some sp2-to-sp3 transition. They play an important role in volume expansion and result in complete loss of the layered structure of graphite (amorphization), which is very difficult to anneal. Considering the annealing behaviors of the thermal conductivity, lattice constant and electrical resistivity, we propose a new model based on the sp2-to-sp3 transition that can explain the observed effect for both damage and annealing processes without any contradiction.