The influence of alloying elements on the electrochemistry of lead anodes for electrowinning of metals: A review

Lead (Pb) anodes are used in the electrowinning (EW) of metals. The performance of Pb-anodes is reviewed herein, taking a holistic perspective, including metallurgy (i.e. solubility of metals in Pb) and the electrochemical impact of alloying. The review is general in its nature, however the application of copper (Cu) EW is used illustratively to emphasise key points. The need for energy efficiency in the present era and future will dictate the use of anodes with low overpotential, hence warranting an appraisal of electrochemical performance of Pb as altered by alloying.