The inner–outer layer interface in large-eddy simulations with wall-layer models

The interaction between the inner and outer layer in large-eddy simulations (LES) that use approximate near-wall treatments is studied. In hybrid Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (RANS)/LES models a transition layer exists between the RANS and LES regions, which has resulted in incorrect prediction of the velocity profiles, and errors of up to 15% in the prediction of the skin friction. Several factors affect this transition layer, but changes we made to the formulation had surprisingly little effect on the mean velocity. In general, it is found that the correct prediction of length- and time-scales of the turbulent eddies in the RANS region is important, but is not the only factor affecting the results. The inclusion of a backscatter model appears to be effective in improving the prediction of the mean velocity profile and skin-friction coefficient.