Comparison of Purity and Properties of Hydroxyl Carbonate Apatite Extracted from Natural Thigh Bone by Different Physiochemical Methods

New approaches to extracting natural hydroxyl carbonate apatite from bio waste of bovine bones cortical femur have been developed. To extract pure and natural bio ceramics, three different treatments have been applied: (1)-Calcination heat treatment at temperature of 700 °C, (2)-Alkaline hydrothermal at temperature of 275 °C and (3)- Pressurized low polarity water hydrothermal at temperature of 250 °C. Raw bovine bone and obtained apatite have been characterized by Fouriertransform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), fluorescent microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Under heat treatment process, mainly all the organic component such as collagen was removed at temperature of 600 °C and a hydroxyl carbonate apatite was obtained. The presence of carbonate groups led to increasing the biocompatibility and will be preferable for orthopedic and medical usages. The degree of crystallization of powders is increased by increasing of temperature from 250°C for pressurized low polarity water processing to 600°C for calcinations treatment. Growth behavior and adhesion of cultured umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells on the surface of 2-D hydroxyapatite scaffolds derived by these three different methods have been investigated. The results show that the stem cells could survive and attach on surface of derived carbonated hydroxyapatite scaffolds by calcinations.