ZnO/bentonite Nanocomposites Prepared with Solid-state Ion Exchange as Photocatalysts

Photocatalyst nanocomposites of ZnO/bentonite clay are synthesized by Solid-state ion exchange method. The ion exchange intercalation process of clays is used to incorporate the catalyst into the basal space of the layered structure of clays. The purpose of this study is to find a new method focused on simplifying and saving time to prepare ZnO/bentonite composite with photocatalyst property. The ZnO doped bentonite nanocomposite synthesizes accomplished by placing bentonite in a melting bath of ZnSO4 for 10, 20, 40, 60 and 90 min. Morphological (SEM), optical (UV/vis reflection) and analytical (EDX) techniques characterize the nanocomposites. According to SEM results, after ion exchanging, the parent structure of bentonite remains, and only the distance between flakes increases significantly. EDX analysis clearly suggests the success of ion exchange of the expense of Ca2+, Na+ and Mg2+ cations with Zn2+. The calculated band gaps for the composites were 3.14 eV (10 min), 2.64 eV (20 min) and 2.54 eV at longer periods, respectively. All prepared composites showed acceptable degradation performances. The greatest photocatalytic activity is detected in ZnO/bentonite composite solid-state ion exchanges, which lasts 60, and 90 min.