Clinico-epidemiologic Study on Marine Envenomations and Injuries in South Iran, Persian Gulf Coasts

Background: The Persian Gulf is a suitable habitat for various types of marine species. This study was conducted with the aim of determining the epidemiology and clinical findings of inju ries inflicted by marine creatures in the Persian Gulf, south Ir an. Methods: In this retrospective cross-sectional study, med ical records of patients with diagnosis of marine animal expos ures treated at 6 referral clinics in Bushehr province, south Iran, during 2009-2014 were studied. Results: Ninety-eight patients were studied whose mean (SD, Min - Max) age was 23.6 (7.0, 14-57) years. The majority of patients (91, 92.9%) were men. Scorpionfish stings were the mos t common cause of injuries (56.1%) followed by jellyfish s tings (22.4%), stingray stings (13.3%) and sea urchin stings (8.2%). In most cases (60.2%), the location of injury was on lower lim bs. The most common symptom was pain. Marked local swelling was detected in 69.1% of scorpionfish stings and 100% of stingray stings. Itching and hives were seen in 100% and 36.3% of jellyfish stung patients. Gastrointestinal manifestations were the most common systemic effects. Muscle cramps and transient local paralysis were reported in 38.7 % and 23 % of stingray patients, respectiv ely. Serious systemic effects were rare except for symptomatic hypoten sion in a scorpionfish sting patient and syncope in a stingray sting patient. The vast majority of patients (93.9%) recovered without notable sequels. Secondary dermal infections were only observed in 1 stingray inflicted victim and 4 sea urchin stung victim. No death occurred. Conclusion: Scorpionfish attacks are the common cause of marine animal exposures in south Iran and should be taken s eriously. Men at young ages are the victims of this environmental and o ccupational hazard.