Leishmania Vaccines Entered in Clinical Trials: A Review of Literature

Leishmaniasis is considered as a zoonotic infection and neglected tropical disease. Leishmania treatment is not totally successful and imposes high expenditures, especially in developing countries. Since the natural infection leads to the robust immunity in most of the human cases, many bodies of research have been focusing on Leishmania vaccines, being capable to control Leishmania infection. First generation vaccines (such as Leishmune and CaniLeish) have proved robust protective immunity in dogs. In human, recombinant vaccines, including Leish‑F1 could confer some degrees of protective immunity against natural infection. Recently, ChAd63‑KH DNA vaccine has been accomplished in providing prevention against Leishmania infection; however, this vaccine should be further evaluated in other clinical trials.