Effects of Aminoquinolines in COVID-19 Treatment: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine

The novel coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) continues to spread quickly across the globe. The COVID-19 infected people were reported from 216 countries across the world by June 11, 2020. To date, 7,145,385 people have been confirmed positive with COVID-19, leading to 408,025 deaths (1). Up to date, many clinical trials have been conducted to investigate an effective and sound therapeutic regimen for COVID-19. Chloroquine (CQ) therapy is among the accepted regimens (2). The aminoquinoline groups have been used for malaria treatment, and they showed to be effective against the COVID-19 virus in many trials (3). A significant role was observed for chloroquine phosphate in the management of SARS-CoV epidemics and the Zika virus. Chloroquine acts by playing a significant role in elevating the pH of intracellular vacuoles and adjusting the protein degradation pathways, which goes though the acidic hydrolases in the macromolecule and synthesis of lysosomes in the endosomes and post-translational protein modification in the Golgi apparatus. In some antigenpresenting cells and macrophages, CQ normally interferes with antigen processing, hence showing an antirheumatic action (4). Several studies have reported the efficacy of CQ in COVID-19 patients at different stages of severity (3, 5). In an in vitro study conducted in China among the results that were earlier obtained, more than 100 patients showed a high level of CQ efficacy and a great improvement compared to a control group based on the reduction of exacerbations of pneumonia, as well as the duration of symptoms and the delay of viral clearance (3, 5). Chloroquine phosphate demonstrated amarked efficacy and acceptable safety in treating COVID-19 in a clinical trial conducted in China (3)