Essentiality of antioxidant vitamins for ruminants inrelation to stress and reproduction

The naturally occurring anti oxidants: vitamin E, (beta)-carotene and vitamin C are known to ameliorate the oxidative stress generated during various physiological and pathological conditions. The oxidative stress may occur at different sites, different times, and by different mechanisms in the animal system. Lower levels of the anti-oxidant vitamins are associated with poor fertility and production levels in ruminants. These antioxidants need to be replenished/regenerated or supplemented at appropriate timings in order to optimizethe ruminant health and productive/reproductive performance.