Author/Authors :
Azeem, Farrukh Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology - Government College University - Faisalabad, Pakistan , Ijaz, Usman Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology - Government College University - Faisalabad, Pakistan , Pervaiz, Tehreem Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology - Government College University - Faisalabad, Pakistan , Ahmed, Temoor Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology - Government College University - Faisalabad, Pakistan , Seemab, Riffat Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology - Government College University - Faisalabad, Pakistan , Shahid, Muhammad Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology - Government College University - Faisalabad, Pakistan , Noman, Muhammad Department of Bioinformatics and Biotechnology - Government College University - Faisalabad, Pakistan , Nadeem, Majid Wheat Research Institute - Ayub Agriculture Research Institute - Faisalabad, Pakistan
Abstract :
Biotic and abiotic factors badly affect the productivity and growth of plants and found the major yield-limiting factor in agriculture. In recent years, various cis-regulatory elements have been identified that can function as molecular switches to regulate the expression of stress-related genes. They comprise of insulators, silencers, promoters and enhancers. These elements mediate not only functional diversity, but also modulate plant physiology at all developmental stages. Thus, identifying and characterizing ciselements that are intricated in plant stress response is essential for the development of plants tolerance to stress. This review article presents characteristic properties of cis-acting regulatory elements. Two aspects of cis-elements are targeted; one is properties and examples of condition-specificcis-elements while the other is techniques used for their identification. This review will be helpful in elucidating recent advancements in cis-elements studies.
Keywords :
Gene regulation , Promoter Plants , Tissue specific , Regulatory elements
