Author/Authors :
Rozaini, Mohd Zul Helmi Institute of Marine and Biotechnology - Universiti Malaysia Terengganu - Kuala Nerus - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Hamzah, Habibah Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences - Universiti Malaysia Terengganu - Kuala Nerus - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Ibrahim, Nor Hayati Faculty of Fisheries and Food Sciences - Universiti Malaysia Terengganu - Kuala Nerus - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Razali, Mohd Hasmizam Faculty of Science and Marine Environment - Universiti Malaysia Terengganu - Kuala Nerus - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Osman, Uwaisulqarni M. Faculty of Science and Marine Environment - Universiti Malaysia Terengganu - Kuala Nerus - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Wai, Chia Poh Faculty of Science and Marine Environment - Universiti Malaysia Terengganu - Kuala Nerus - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Soh, Siti Kamilah Che Faculty of Science and Marine Environment - Universiti Malaysia Terengganu - Kuala Nerus - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Ghazali, Saidatul Radhiah Faculty of Chemical Engineering Technology - Tati University College - Kemaman - Terengganu, MALAYSIA , Fei, Low Chen Institute of Systems Biology - Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia - Bangi - Selangor, MALAYSIA
Abstract :
Fringescalesardinellaor Tamban sisik bones have been discovered can be utilized as sunscreen agent in cosmeceuticals. Its flesh is the main ingredient in keropok lekoror fish crackers in Malaysia and the bones contained very high hydroxyapatite (HAp), (Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2)compound which exhibit as UV light absorber. The percentage yields obtained from the hydrothermal extraction consist of 41.2 ± 0.66 % (w/w) of HAp which was almost half of the dry weight of 100 g samples.The additional of manganeseand ferum,initiated the novel sunscreen materials from hydroxyapatite-Fe and hydroxyapatite-Mn doped (modified bones). The unmodified HAp recorded with SPF 20 and modified HAp-Mn measured with SPF 40. Modified HAp-Fe emulsions were recorded with SPF 50 as the highest SPFvalue. Therefore, the bones have been characterized using nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy and x-Ray diffraction (XRD) and UV-Visible spectroscopy. The results obtained clearly indicated that the HAp existence in waste of Fringescalesardinellabones with addition of FeCl2which exhibits high potential as sunscreen compared to manganese and unmodified bones. Thus, the utilization of waste from the fish bones not only produce value-added products from low-cost resources, but also help in reducing pollution to the environment and preserved the global sustainability.
Keywords :
Utilization fish waste , Crystallite , Fringescalesardinella , Hybrid sunscreen , Hydroxyapatite (HAp)