Studies on Multidrug-resistance Bacteria in Ruminants with Special Interest on Antimicrobial Resistances Genes

Multidrug-resistant bacteria is a global problem in ruminants which resulting from inappropriate usage of antibiotics. Bacterial resistance genes can be transmitted transmit among ruminants, human, and the environment through food consumption (meat, milk and milk byproducts), either direct or indirect contact. Antimicrobial drug reduced entry; this strategy is being observed in Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) and Klebsiella spp reduced entry of beta lactam antibiotic, and vancomycin intermediate resistant S. aureus (VISA) strains. Activation of efflux mechanism to expel antibiotics from bacterial cell, efflux pumps mechanism is extruded antibiotics like tetracycline, macrolides, lincosamide, and streptogramins. Enzymatic degradation that leading to modification of antimicrobials either inside or outside the bacterial cell, as hydrolytic degradation of the β–lactam ring in penicillin and cephalosporin by bacterial β–lactamases. Modification of antimicrobial drug targets within the bacterial cell has been observed in methicillin resistant S. aureus (MRSA) through change or acquisition of different penicillin binding proteins (PBPs), and in vancomycin resistant Enterococcus (VRE). Other previously susceptible species may acquire resistance by genetic alterations within their genome, through mutations and /or horizontal gene transfer. In general, transfer of multidrug-resistance occurs through the processes of transduction (via bacteriophages), conjugation (via plasmids), and transformation through incorporation of free DNA segment into the chromosome. The present review is a preliminary study aimed to highlights on multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacteria problems in human and ruminants