Meeting the Vitamin A Requirement: The Efficacy and Importance of 𝛽-Carotene in Animal Species

Vitamin A is essential for life in all vertebrate animals. Vitamin A requirement can be met from dietary preformed vitamin A or provitamin A carotenoids, the most important of which is 𝛽-carotene. The metabolism of 𝛽-carotene, including its intestinal absorption, accumulation in tissues, and conversion to vitamin A, varies widely across animal species and determines the role that 𝛽-carotene plays in meeting vitamin A requirement. This review begins with a brief discussion of vitamin A, with an emphasis on species differences in metabolism. A more detailed discussion of 𝛽-carotene follows, with a focus on factors impacting bioavailability and its conversion to vitamin A. Finally, the literature on how animals utilize 𝛽-carotene is reviewed individually for several species and classes of animals. We conclude that 𝛽-carotene conversion to vitamin A is variable and dependent on a number of factors, which are important to consider in the formulation and assessment of diets. Omnivores and herbivores are more efficient at converting 𝛽-carotene to vitamin A than carnivores. Absorption and accumulation of 𝛽-carotene in tissues vary with species and are poorly understood. More comparative and mechanistic studies are required in this area to improve the understanding of 𝛽-carotene metabolism.