Concentration Fluctuations and Location Variability of Total Suspended Particles in Zanjan Zinc Industrial Park, Iran

Background: Zinc production due to applying mineral soils as raw material and high rate of tailings and wastes lead to environmental and health challenges, such as total suspended particle (TSP) emissions. This was the first study to monitor TSP concentration fluctuations and location variability in Zanjan zinc industrial park (ZZIP), Iran. Methods: Nine stations equipped with an LVS were selected for TSP sampling from air simultaneously, from Feb. 2018 to Dec. 2018. Sample analysis was performed in the laboratory using gravimetric methods and data depicted by ArcGIS to recognize spatial distribution. Results: Changes in TSP concentrations were within the range of 30.17-2,692.82 μg/m^3 and exceeded the EPA/WHO guidelines in more than 98% of the cases. Spring and winter showed the highest levels. The main influential factors in the TSP concentration were industrial activities, vicinity to the depot site and main streets, the speed of passing vehicles, and the dominant wind direction. Conclusion: Despite recent attempts to control TSP, the concentrations remain high and alarming. Therefore, special attention must be paid to the health issues affecting staff and residential groups and implementation of more effective control mechanisms.