Author/Authors :
Landaeta, Felix J. Earl E. Bakken Medical Devices Center University of Minnesota-Twin Cities - Minneapolis - MN , USA , Erdman, Arthur Earl E. Bakken Medical Devices Center University of Minnesota-Twin Cities - Minneapolis - MN , USA , Piazza, Cara Earl E. Bakken Medical Devices Center University of Minnesota-Twin Cities - Minneapolis - MN , USA , Shiozawa, Jose Nauaki Centro de Salud B La Troncal - Instituto Ecuatoriano de Seguridad Social - Quito, Ecuador
Abstract :
External fixation is a mainstream limb reconstruction technique, most often used after a traumatic
injury. Due to the high rates of trauma in developing countries, external fixation devices are often utilized for
immediate fracture stabilization and soft tissue repair. Proper external fixation treatment too often still fails to be
adopted in these regions due to the high cost and trauma complexity. A novel, inexpensive, unilateral fixator was
constructed using 3D printed clamps and other readily available supporting components. ASTM standard F1541
tests were used to assess the biomechanical properties of this novel external fixator.
Methods: Applicable sections of ASTM standard F1541 were used to determine the biomechanical properties of
the novel external fixator. 3D printed clamps modeled using SolidWorks and printed with chopped carbon fibers
using a fuse deposition modeling (FDM) based 3D printer by Markforged (Boston, MA) were used. This study
included 3 different testing configurations: axial compression, anterior-posterior (AP) bending, and medial-lateral
(ML) bending. Using the novel unilateral fixator with 3D printed clamps previously sterilized by autoclave, an input
load was applied at a rate of 20 N/s, starting at 0 N via a hydraulic MTS tester Model 359. Force and deformation
data were collected at a sampling rate of 30 Hz. There was a load limit of 750 N, or until there was a maximum
vertical deformation of 6 mm. Also, 4 key dimensions of the 3D printed clamps were measured pre and post
autoclave: diameter, width, height and length.
Results: The novel external fixator had axial compression, AP and ML bending rigidities of 246.12 N/mm (σ= 8.87
N/mm), 35.98 N/mm (σ= 2.11 N/mm) and 39.60 N/mm (σ=2.60 N/mm), respectively. The 3D printed clamps shrunk
unproportionally due to the autoclaving process, with the diameter, width, height and length dimensions shrinking
by 2.6%, 0.2%, 1.7% and 0.3%, respectively.Overall, the biomechanical properties of the novel fixator with 3D printed clamps assessed in this
study were comparable to external fixators that are currently being used in clinical settings. While the biomechanics
were comparable, the low cost and readily available components of this design meets the need for low cost
external fixators in developing countries that current clinical options could not satisfy. However, further verification
and validation routines to determine efficacy and safety must be conducted before this novel fixator can be
clinically deployed. Also, the material composition allowed for the clamps to maintain the appropriate shape with
minimal dimensional shrinkage that can be accounted for in clamp design.
Keywords :
ASTM F1541 , Linear external fixation , Biomechanical properties , Low cost , 3D print , Third world , Developing countries
