Title of article :
MDMA and the Brain: A Short Review on the Role of Neurotransmitters in Neurotoxicit
Author/Authors :
Mustafa ، Nor Suliana Centre for Research in Addiction (CentRenA), Faculty of Medicine - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Abu Bakar ، Nor Hidayah Centre for Research in Addiction (CentRenA), Faculty of Medicine - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Mohamad ، Nasir Centre for Research in Addiction (CentRenA), Faculty of Medicine - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Adnan ، Liyana Hazwani Mohd Centre for Research in Addiction (CentRenA), Faculty of Medicine - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Fauzi ، Nurul Farah Aina Md Centre for Research in Addiction (CentRenA), Faculty of Medicine - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Thoarlim ، Abdulsoma Centre for Research in Addiction (CentRenA), Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Syed Omar ، Syed Hadzrullathfi Centre for Research in Addiction (CentRenA), Research Institute for Islamic Products and Malay Civilization - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Hamzah ، Mohd Shafiee Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies - \University of Sultan Zainal Abidin , Yusoff ، Zawawi Faculty of Medicine, Faculty of Islamic Contemporary Studies - University of Sultan Zainal Abidin, City Campus , Jufri ، Mahdi Faculty of Pharmacy - University of Indonesia , Ahmad ، Rashidi Academic Unit of Emergency Medicine - Faculty of Medicine - University of Malaya
Abstract :
N-Methyl-3, 4-methylenedioxyamphetamine (MDMA), or ecstasy is a recreational drug of abuse. It is a synthetic substance that affects the body s systems, which its mechanism of action and treatment should be more investigated. MDMA provides an immediate enjoyable feeling by stimulating the release of neurotransmitters, such as dopamine and serotonin in the brain. Unfortunately, abnormal regulation of the brain neurotransmitters, as well as the increased oxidative stress causes damage to the brain neurons after the MDMA exposure. Only a few studies have been done regarding its treatment. Thus, the treatment of MDMA complications should be further explored mainly by targeting its mechanism of action in the neurotransmitter systems. Hence, this study presents a short review regarding the recent findings on the role of neurotransmitters to cause MDMA neurotoxicity. The results will be useful for future research in elucidating the potential treatment based on the targeted mechanisms to treat the neurotoxic effects of MDMA.
Keywords :
MDMA , Neurotransmitter , Brain injuries , Memory , Therapy
Journal title :
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
Journal title :
Basic and Clinical Neuroscience
