Organic,integrated and conventional management in apple orchards: Effect on plant species composition,richness and diversity

The study was conducted to assess the effect of conventional,integrated and organic management on differences in plant species composition,richness and diversity. The plants were studied in triads of orchards situated in three regions of the Czech Republic. Data about species occurrences were collected on 15 permanent plots in the tree rows and 15 plots between tree rows in each of the apple orchards during 2009. A total of 201 vascular plant species (127 native species,65 archaeophytes,and 9 neophytes) were found. Management type and also different regional conditions had a significant effect on plant species composition and on diversity parameters of orchard spontaneous vegetation. Species richness and species pool was significantly higher in the organic orchardsthan in the differently managed orchards. Management type had significant effect on proportions of archaeophytes,and also neophytes in apple orchards. The results showed that a change from conventional to integrated and organic management in apple orchards lead to higher plant species diversity and to changes in plant species composition.