Author/Authors :
Pahlavanzadeh, Bagher Department of Biostatistics - School of Allied Medical Sciences - Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Naghibi, Abolhassan Department of Public Health - School of Health - Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences, Sari, Iran , Berdi-Ozounidavaji, Rahman Health Management and Social Development Research Center - Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran , Zarghami, Fatemeh Department of Health Education and Health Promotion - School of Health - Tabriz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran , Shahbazi-Sighaldeh, Shirin Department of Reproductive Health - School of Nursing and Midwifery - Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran , Mohammadinia, ali Department of Public Health - School of Health - Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran , Hosseini, Mahdieh Sadat Department of Public Health - School of Health - Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran , Mirkarimi, Kamal Health Management and Social Development Research Center and Department of Public Health - School of Health - Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran , Rahimi, Amangholi Gonbad-e-Qabus Health Center - Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran , Shoaib-Hamrah, Mohammad Center for Rural Health - School of Health Sciences - University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia , Paul, Edwin Center for Rural Health - School of Health Sciences - University of Tasmania, Tasmania, Australia , Charkazi, Abdurrahman Environmental Health Research Center and Department of Public Health - School of Health - Golestan University of Medical Sciences, Gorgan, Iran
Abstract :
Background: Waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) has recently increased in Iran. There is no valid instrument to measure the level of nicotine dependence among its consumers. This study was aimed to investigate the validity and reliability of the Lebanon Waterpipe Dependence Scale-11 (LWDS-11). Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the year 2017 whereby 367 waterpipe smokers were recruited from Golestan Province of Iran. LWDS-11 scale is composed of 4 subscales: 1) nicotine dependence, 2) negative reinforcement, 3) psychological craving, and 4) positive reinforcement. The validity of the questionnaire was examined using construct validity. Reliability of this scale was examined using test-retest reliability and internal consistency. Findings: The four-factor model for LWDS [comparative fit index (CFI) = 0.985, Tucker-Lewis index (TLI) = 0.979, standardised root mean residual (SRMR) = 0.059, root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.049 (0.031, 0.061)] demonstrated good fit to this data. Cronbach’s α was 0.825 for total scale and it was 0.818, 0.746, 0.624, and 0.670 for each individual subscale. The test-retest reliability of the scale was 0.925. Conclusion: All goodness of fit indices (GFIs) represented a good fit of model. The LWDS-11 scale had an appropriate remarkable validity and reliability for waterpipe consumers to measure the level of nicotine dependence and it appeared to be likely useful for utilizing in the clinical and epidemiological studies.
