Parent Training in Reduction of Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Oppositional Defiant Disorder Symptoms in Children

Despite the vast literature supporting the efficacy of behavioral interventions for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD), there is an extreme paucity of empirical support for these interventions in developing South Asian countries, such as Pakistan. The present study aimed to implement and evaluate a behavioral parent training program for children with ADHD in a Pakistani urban community. This represents the very first ADHD intervention study conducted in Pakistan. A total of 55, 4-12 year old children with ADHD and their parents were selected to participate for intervention. Pre- and post-treatment parent and teacher rating scales were collected to assess ADHD, Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD), and Conduct Disorder symptoms and associated impairment. Outcome measures included the Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale-Parent Form, Disruptive Behavior Rating Scale- Teacher Form, Home Situations Questionnaire, and School Situations Questionnaire (Barkley, 1997). Results showed significant difference on measures of ADHD/ODD symptoms and the number and severity of problem situations according to parent reports. However teacher’s reports showed no significant findings for both ADHD and ODD. Reduction rates of symptoms on pre and post measures were noticeable for inattention, ODD, and for conduct disorder. The study provides some preliminary evidence supporting the effectiveness of Barkley’s behavioral parenting program for Pakistani parents of ADHD children.