Estradiol and COVID-19: Does 17-Estradiol Have an Immune-Protective Function in Women Against Coronavirus?

Objective: Female sex hormones have a pro-inflammatory effect, which may help to minimize inflammation. Estrogen s immunoregulatory properties play a significant role in the bidirectional neuroendocrineimmune activity in females. As a result, sex hormones can play a role in men s high mortality rate from coronavirus 2019 (COVID19). It is aimed to clarify the role of 17estradiol (E2) in the battle against COVID19. Materials and methods: Until April 2021, a study on PubMed was performed. COVID19, 17 estradiol (E2), immunoregulatory properties, pregnancy, menopausal symptoms, hormonal therapy, ER/ expression on immune cells, and mortality were some of the concepts used in the search. Results: Regulation of proinflammatory immune processes against COVID19 appears to be associated with increased immune function (proinflammatory), anti-inflammatory regulation, and antiviral defense. Women with a severe coronavirus infection had higher serum IgG antibody levels than men, and their IgG production was faster in the early stages of infection. 17estradiol (E2) levels of blood will increase by 100 fold during pregnancy. COVID19 in pregnant women had a 15 fold lower mortality rate than other women. While menopause replacement therapy (MRT) for pre/postmenopausal women and its effectiveness in reducing COVID19 infection is debatable. Conclusion: MRT may be considered as a viable treatment option for pre/postmenopause women with coronavirus, referring to the fact that sex hormones reduce inflammatory responses and modulate ACE2 expression. The task s difficulty and achieving the desired outcome seem to be challenging.