Numerical 3D simulation of developing turbulent stratified gas-liquid ow in curved pipes consisting of entrained particles through this type of flow

Since curved pipes are widely used in industrial equipment, predicting multiphase flows in these geometries is of great importance. In the present study, a computational model for predicting the velocity prole is developed and used to study the developing turbulent gas-liquid flows in curved pipes. In order to discretize and solve the three-dimensional steady-state momentum equations, the finite volume scheme on staggered grids as well as central difference and QUICK scheme have been used. Moreover, the k " model has been employed to re efect the nature of turbulence in the ow. In order to address the needs for faster convergence and convenient mapping of the physical domain, the computations have been performed in a newly extended coordinate system. Particle tracking has been done using Lagrangian approach in which a two-way coupling regime has been considered. In terms of validation, the numerical simulation results for the straight pipe have been compared with the analytical solution and previous experimental results. Moreover, injection of particles through the ow indicates that, in each section of the bend, the trade-o between centrifugal and pressure gradient forces plays a key role in particles' motion. In the last section, the effects of particle diameter and bend curvature on particles' motion have been examined.