recent advancements in cell-based models for auditory disorders

introduction: cell-based models play an important role in understanding the pathophysiology and etiology of auditory disorders. for the auditory system, models have primarily focused on restoring inner and outer hair cells. however, they have largely underrepresented the surrounding structures and cells that support the function of the hair cells. methods: in this article, we will review recent advancements in the evolution of cell-based models of auditory disorders in their progression towards three dimensional (3d) models and organoids that more closely mimic the pathophysiology in vivo. results: with the elucidation of the molecular targets and transcription factors required to generate diverse cell lines of the components of inner ear, research is starting to progress from two dimensional (2d) models to a greater 3d approach. of note, the 3d models of the inner ear, including organoids, are relatively new and emerging in the field. as 3d models of the inner ear continue to evolve in complexity, their role in modeling disease will grow as they bridge the gap between cell culture and in vivo models. conclusion: using 3d cell models to understand the etiology and molecular mechanisms underlying auditory disorders holds great potential for developing more targeted and effective novel therapeutics.