physicochemical properties of rutin loaded into nanoliposomes and its uses for the treatment of oral ulcers

oral ulcers cause pains and inflammation, and an appropriate ointment must be used for their treatment. rutin is a flavonol with antibacterial and anti- inflammatory properties that can be used to treat ulcers. encapsulation of rutin increases its stability and prevents its degradation. this study was conducted to investigate the physicochemical properties of rutin loaded into nanoliposomes and its uses for the treatment of oral ulcers. nanoliposomes were prepared with the help of phospholipid 1,2- dioleoylsn-glycero-3-phosphoethanolamine and cholesterol, and their physicochemical properties of particle size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and in vitro release were investigated. the ulcers were induced on rats and treated with ointments lacking rutin and containing 5, 10, and 15 μg/ml rutin. the healing rate, edema, and the serum concentrations of interleukin-2 (il-2), tumor necrosis factor-α (tnf-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) were investigated at the end of the treatment period. the nanoliposomes prepared from rutin did not show significant differences for particle size and zeta potential (p 0.05) while loading rutin increased encapsulation efficiency and prolonged in vitro release. the ointments prepared from rutin not only decreased edema but increased the serum concentration of vegf and decreased the serum concentrations of il-2 and tnf-α (p 0.05). in conclusion, ointments prepared from rutin showed an excellent potential for treating oral ulcers in animal models that must be considered.