Recombinant vaccines against Newcastle Disease: current trends and research agenda

Decades after the production of recombinant vaccines, the production of large scale and commercial use of such vaccines has become an important issue in the academic community. Newcastle disease (ND) is an infectious and highly contagious viral disease that causes diseases with different virulence and high infectivity in birds, especially chickens. ND imposes severe economic losses on the poultry industry, and as a result, tackling it is always a priority for all countries of the world. In this regard, many vaccines have been produced, some of which are commercialized and some of which are in the testing phase. Given the economic importance of controlling ND, the production of recombinant vaccines against the disease has been one of the major concerns in the history of recombinant vaccines. Over the past three decades, many studies have been conducted to produce recombinant vaccines against ND on various platforms, which in many cases have yielded promising results. This article reviews the literature on the production of recombinant ND vaccines. In this regard, while introducing ND and its causative agent, the basics of producing recombinant vaccines and production platforms are explained. The main objective of the article is to highlight the effectiveness of recombinant herbal vaccines against ND.