Insulin resistance and the role of gamma‑aminobutyric acid

Insulin resistance (IR) is mentioned to be a disorder in insulin ability in insulin‑target tissues. Skeletal muscle (SkM) and liver function are more affected by IR than other insulin target cells. SkM is the main site for the consumption of ingested glucose. An effective treatment for IR has two properties: An inhibition of β‑cell death and a promotion of β‑cell replication. Gamma‑aminobutyric acid (GABA) can improve beta‑cell mass and function. Multiple studies have shown that GABA decreases IR probably via increase in glucose transporter 4 (GLUT4) gene expression and prevention of gluconeogenesis pathway in the liver. This review focused on the general aspects of IR in skeletal muscle (SkM), liver; the cellular mechanism(s) lead to the development of IR in these organs, and the role of GABA to reduce insulin resistance.