Raman Spectroscopy and Histopathology of Rat Bladder Cancer treated by Doxorubicin and Cisplatin using reduced graphene oxide as carrier

Raman spectroscopy is a promising diagnostic technique used to identify different cancer types; however, few reports have correlated this information to histopathological analyses conducted in vivo or ex-vivo. It is well-known that using a set of techniques is important and necessary to get reliable and safer results. Identifying chemical changes in the Raman spectrum of healthy and pathological tissues enables better understanding the effects of treatments to be adopted, as well as optimizing pathological information and preventing cell death from taking place as slow biomolecule degradation of biomolecules. The treatment applied to non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) in the presence of reduced graphene oxide (rGO), rGO with cisplatin, rGO with doxorubicin, as well as the association of chemotherapeutics, such as rGO, with cisplatin and doxorubicin, followed by Raman spectroscopy and histopathological analyses, have shown the feasibility of using these two techniques to monitor NIMBC development in rats based on different chemotherapeutic formulations. Moreover, Raman tests have confirmed structural and biochemical changes in urinary bladder due to pathological process and exposure to chemotherapeutic agents.