Identifying Challenges and Effective Indicators in Entrepreneurial Attitudes in the Content of Elementary Textbooks: A Qualitative Study

The aim of this study was to identify the challenges and effective indicators in entrepreneurial attitudes in the content of elementary textbooks. The research method is applied in terms of purpose and based on how to collect qualitative data based on semistructured interviews. The statistical population included all university professors and entrepreneurship experts who selected the interviewees using theoretical purposive sampling method and in the eleventh interview, due to the duplication of the interview text and consensus, the validity of the information was confirmed based on the results of the interviews, 46 categories were extracted, which were classified into 8 main categories, which indicate the challenges in creating entrepreneurial attitudes. Also, 43 categories were extracted in the indicators section, which were selected in the form of 7 main categories as effective indicators in creating entrepreneurial attitudes. The results showed that the challenges of lack of space and educational context, theorizing of concepts, neglect of entrepreneurship, lack of education, optional activities, lack of evaluation, lack of support from officials and lack of skills of teachers as the most important challenges of not developing attitudes, respectively. Entrepreneurship was introduced in the textbooks of the course. Also, indicators of creating and creating opportunities, self-efficacy, desire and confidence in success, talent identification, participation and interaction, operationalization and acquisition of skills, flexibility of officials were selected as the most important factors in developing entrepreneurial attitudes in elementary school textbook content.