Exosomes as Biochemistry Tools for Stem Cell Differentiation: A Novel Cell-Based Treatment for Diseases

For tissue engineering and clinical translation strategies, it is essential to have a reliable and safe lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells. To deal with several problems caused by growth factor delivery systems and growth factors, exosomes have been used as biomimetic tools to trigger the differentiation of stem cells. It is believed that cell type-specific exosomes can induce lineage-specific differentiation of stem cells. Exosomes trigger cell viability, cell proliferation and differentiation, embryonic implantation, and migration. They have been used successfully in regenerative medicine, such as liver fibrosis, renal diseases, cardiac ischemia, stroke, and skin injuries. The findings highlighted the necessity to take into account the condition and source of exosome donor cells before selecting them for therapeutic use.